看唐卡时，分开题材、载体与工艺Separate subject, support and technique

博物馆资料把曼荼罗列为唐卡的题材之一，也介绍织造、刺绣和贴花形式。题材名称不能单独回答怎样制成。“曼荼罗”与“印刷”回答不同问题；复制品也可能描绘曼荼罗。后者是分类演示，不是对某件商品的判断。

Museum material lists mandalas among thangka subjects and describes woven, embroidered and appliquéd forms. A subject label alone cannot tell you how an object was made. “Mandala” and “print” answer different questions; a reproduction may depict a mandala. This is a conceptual example, not a finding about a listed product.

保留原题名或有来源的候选。不要凭外观补出传承或具体形态。名称有争议时，从HAR词汇表继续查具体条目；涉及修持版本时，向自己的老师或机构确认。

Keep the original title or a sourced candidate. Do not invent a lineage or specific form from appearance. For disputed names, follow the HAR glossary to specific references. For a form used in religious practice, check with your teacher or institution.

区分画心与装裱，照录出处的材质用词。只写“布”时，不自行补成棉、麻或丝。没有记录时写未知；照片中的纹理不是纤维检测结果。

Distinguish the image-bearing support from its mounting and retain the source’s material wording. If it says cloth, do not silently change it to cotton, linen or silk. Without a record, write unknown. Visible texture in a photograph is not a fibre test.

记录有依据的绘画、刺绣或印刷描述。每项同时保留“描述／出处／依据类型／未知项”，区分卖方自述、馆藏记录、观察与检测。照片放大不能认证手绘，金色外观也不证明使用真金。

Record supported descriptions of painting, embroidery or printing. Keep description / source / evidence type / unknowns for each field, distinguishing seller statements, museum records, observations and tests. Magnification does not certify hand painting, and a gold-coloured appearance does not establish the use of gold.

以大都会艺术博物馆1971.25.2为例：标题为 Thangka with Buddha；Medium 为 Distemper on cloth；Classification 为 Paintings。本站仅作“佛题材／布／绘画”的宽泛整理，不据此推出具体纤维、颜料配方或全部工序。本文不提供真伪、年代、估价或宗派适用性结论。

For The Met’s 1971.25.2, the title is Thangka with Buddha, the medium is “Distemper on cloth”, and the classification is Paintings. Our broad reading is Buddha subject / cloth / painting. These fields do not establish specific fibres, pigment recipes or every production step. This guide provides no conclusion on authenticity, age, valuation or religious suitability.